Sensory Integration Therapy

Overview

Sensory Integration Therapy (SIT) is a therapeutic approach designed to help individuals—especially children—who have difficulties processing and responding to sensory information from their environment. It is most commonly used to support individuals with sensory processing disorder (SPD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), ADHD, and other developmental conditions.
Sensory Integration Therapy (SIT) is a form of occupational therapy that helps individuals who have difficulty processing sensory information (e.g., sights, sounds, touch, movement). The goal is to improve the brain's ability to process and integrate sensory input, leading to better motor skills, behavior, and daily functioning.

What is Sensory Integration?

Sensory integration is the brain’s ability to receive, interpret, and organize information from the senses. These include :

  • Tactile (touch)
  • Vestibular (balance and movement)
  • Proprioceptive (body awareness)
  • Visual
  • Auditory (hearing)
  • Olfactory (smell)
  • Gustatory (taste)
  • Interoception (internal body sensations, like hunger or pain)

When sensory integration is functioning well, the brain organizes sensory input effectively, allowing individuals to respond appropriately to daily life demands. When it's impaired, it can result in over-responsiveness, under-responsiveness, or sensory seeking behaviors.

What is Sensory Integration Therapy (SIT)?

Sensory Integration Therapy is a play-based, individualized approach typically conducted by an occupational therapist (OT) trained in sensory integration techniques. It focuses on helping individuals regulate their responses to sensory input by engaging in specific activities designed to improve sensory processing and integration.

Goals of Sensory Integration Therapy

  • Improve the brain’s ability to process sensory information.
  • Enhance functional skills in daily life (e.g., dressing, eating, learning, social interaction).
  • Reduce maladaptive behaviors (e.g., meltdowns, avoidance, sensory-seeking).
  • Improve attention, motor planning, and self-regulation.

How It Works : The Core Principles

Individualized Approach : Activities are tailored to each person’s specific sensory needs, strengths, and challenges.

Just-Right Challenge : The therapist provides activities that are neither too easy nor too difficult, promoting engagement and success.

Child-Led Play : Therapy sessions are often child-directed within a structured environment, promoting motivation and participation.

Sensory-Rich Environment : Therapy typically takes place in a space equipped with sensory tools like swings, climbing equipment, balls, weighted items, tactile toys, etc.

Structure of a Typical Session

Duration : 30–60 minutes.

Frequency : 1–3 times per week (depending on need).

Setting : Pediatric therapy clinic, sensory gym, or school.

Therapist : Licensed occupational therapist (preferably trained in Ayres Sensory Integration

Benefits of Sensory Integration Therapy

  • Improved attention and focus in classroom settings
  • Better emotional regulation and behavior
  • Enhanced social interaction and communication
  • Increased independence in daily activities (e.g., dressing, eating)
  • Improved coordination and motor planning

Intervention Process

Assessment : Using standardized tools (e.g., Sensory Profile, SIPT), clinical observation, and caregiver interviews to determine sensory strengths and challenges.

Therapy Planning : Developing a tailored plan with just-right challenges, and structuring sessions that are adaptive and engaging. Through play, therapists work toward improving sensory integration in purposeful contexts.

Sensory Diets & Home Integration : Therapists often prescribe a "sensory diet"—structured daily sensory activities—for use at home or school. They also advise environmental modifications, guiding caregivers and educators in implementation.

Settings : Therapy can be delivered in diverse settings—clinics, sensory gyms, schools, homes, or community spaces—depending on resources and the individual’s needs.

Scientific Evidence & Criticism

Supportive Findings
  • Systematic reviews suggest moderate support for ASI when implemented with fidelity to Ayres’s model.
  • A review of ASI studies between 2006–2017 showed promising results for autistic children aged 4–12.
Limitations & Critiques
  • Evidence is mixed; the American Academy of Pediatrics has described SIT research as inconclusive and based more on anecdotes in some instances.
  • Some studies have methodological issues (e.g., small samples, lack of controls).
  • Alternative approaches like Sensory-Based Interventions (SBIs) commonly used in schools (e.g., weighted vests, fidget tools) often lack strong evidence.